I located 105 energetic nests, mainly if you’re driving slower along the surroundings

During for every reproduction seasons we sought after nests intensively all-around the research web site. We followed the latest future of any nest until the eggs hatched or perhaps the nest unsuccessful. Nests was basically went along to between 0900 and you can 1700 era as well as the visits survived 2 hundred m off the nest, between 1000 and 1700 period. Length of the new focal observations varied off 29 min to eight h, therefore the overall duration of observation try 31.5 h. Once the the observations varied in total and there was in fact circumstances within the that your male is at the fresh new colony day long, to guess the percentage of nest interest we pooled the fresh focal observations off nests which were at the same stage of incubation.

Since the guys will wasteland the new colony when disrupted during the an initial phase of your own nesting duration ( Fernandez and you will Reboreda 2000), i tracked a lot of the nests (9 of eleven circumstances totaling 34 colony-days) throughout the middle- otherwise later incubation

The thermistor of the temperature logger was introduced in a fresh natural orphan egg (unattended eggs laid far from active nests; Navarro et al. 1998) through a small hole in the equatorial plane and fixed to the eggshell with epoxy adhesive. The egg was attached to the center of the nest and the data logger was hidden under the nest. The data logger automatically recorded the temperature at 3.8 or 6 min intervals during four or six days, respectively. We monitored egg temperatures in those 11 nests totaling 40 nest-days. In the other two cases we started the monitoring of the nest three and five days after the laying of the first egg. None of the nests used for monitoring male activity was deserted. We used the decrease in egg temperature to determine when the male left the nest ( Hainsworth et al. 1998, Flint and Grand 1999). We previously estimated egg cooling-rate of Greater Rhea eggs by heating six fresh eggs up to 33°C and then placing them in an environment at a temperature of 25°C, similar to temperatures registered in our study area between 1100 and 1300 hours (the warmest time of https://lovingwomen.org/tr/sicak-ve-seksi-fransiz-kadinlar/ the day). We estimated egg cooling-rate by dividing the initial difference in temperature between eggs and the environment by the time elapsed until eggs reached a thermal equilibrium with the environment. The estimated egg cooling-rate for a temperature gradient of 8°C was 0.063 ± 0.01°C min ?1 . We assumed that the male left the nest when the difference in egg temperature was |T_(t) ? T_(t?1)| > 1°C, where T_(t) and T_(t?1) are egg temperatures at a time interval of 15 min when data loggers were set at 3.8 min intervals or 18 min when they were set at 6 min intervals. We considered that the male was outside the nest since the time at which the difference between T_(t) and T_(t?1) was negative until the time it was positive (i.e. the male resumed incubation). Although the sun can heat eggs when the male is absent (particularly at midday), unattended eggs never reached temperatures >30°C (see below). Therefore, it was possible for us to discriminate between an increase in temperature produced by the Sun and one produced by males when they resume incubation.

We along with counted adaptation within the eggs heat inside the about three fresh nests (nests versus men notice). I made use of nests that were in earlier times left behind as the experimental nests. Inside each colony (clutch brands regarding sixteen, 21, and you may 23 eggs) we repaired one egg which have a great thermistor inside, on the heart of one’s nest similarly you to definitely we did to the energetic nests (see a lot more than).